1SignalsandSystems1
1.1Signals,Systems,Models,andProperties............1
1.1.1SystemProperties.....................3
1.2Linear,Time-InvariantSystems..................5
1.2.1Impulse-ResponseRepresentationofLTISystems..5
1.2.2EigenfunctionandTransformRepresentationofLTISystems........................6
1.2.3FourierTransforms....................10
1.3DeterministicSignalsandTheirFourierTransforms......11
1.3.1SignalClassesandTheirFourierTransforms......11
1.3.2Parseval’sIdentity,EnergySpectralDensity,andDeterministicAutocorrelation...........14
1.4BilateralLaplaceandZ-Transforms...............16
1.4.1TheBilateralz-Transform................16
1.4.2TheBilateralLaplaceTransform.............20
1.5Discrete-TimeProcessingofContinuous-TimeSignals.....21
1.5.1BasicStructureforDTProcessingofCTSignals....22
1.5.2DTFilteringandOverallCTResponse.........24
1.5.3NonidealD/CConverters.................26
1.6FurtherReading..........................28
Problems..................................29
BasicProblems...........................29
AdvancedProblems........................40
ExtensionProblems........................51
2Amplitude,Phase,andGroupDelay62
2.1FourierTransformMagnitudeandPhase............62
2.2GroupDelayandtheEffectofNonlinearPhase................................66
2.2.1NarrowbandInputSignals................66
2.2.2BroadbandInputSignals.................68
2.3All-PassandMinimum-PhaseSystems..............73
2.3.1All-PassSystems......................73
2.3.2Minimum-PhaseSystems.................75
2.4SpectralFactorization.......................78
2.5FurtherReading..........................80
Problems..................................80
BasicProblems...........................80
AdvancedProblems........................88
ExtensionProblems........................100
3 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 102
3.1 BasebandPulse-AmplitudeModulation............. 103
3.1.1TheTransmittedSignal..................103
3.1.2TheReceivedSignal.................... 105
3.1.3 Frequency-DomainCharacterizations.......... 105
3.1.4 IntersymbolInterferenceatthe Receiver ..........................108
3.2NyquistPulses ...........................110
3.3 PassbandPulse-AmplitudeModulation ............. 113
3.3.1 Frequency-ShiftKeying(FSK).............. 114
3.3.2Phase-ShiftKeying(PSK) ................ 114
3.3.3 Quadrature-AmplitudeModulation(QAM)...... 116
3.4FurtherReading..........................118
Problems..................................119
BasicProblems...........................119
AdvancedProblems........................123
ExtensionProblems ........................126
4 State-Space Models 133
4.1SystemMemory ..........................133
4.2IllustrativeExamples .......................134
4.3State-SpaceModels ........................146
4.3.1DTState-SpaceModels.................. 146
4.3.2CTState-SpaceModels.................. 149
4.3.3 De.ningPropertiesofState-SpaceModels....... 151
4.4 State-SpaceModelsfromLTIInput-Output Models ...............................153
4.5 EquilibriaandLinearizationofNonlinearState-Space Models ...............................158
4.5.1Equilibrium ........................158
4.5.2Linearization........................161
4.6 FurtherReading .......................... 164
Problems .................................. 165
BasicProblems........................... 165
AdvancedProblems ........................ 169
ExtensionProblems ........................ 172
5 LTI State-Space Models 174
5.1 Continuous-TimeandDiscrete-TimeLTIModels ....... 174
5.2 Zero-InputResponseandModalRepresentation ....... 177
5.2.1 UndrivenCTSystems................... 177
5.2.2 UndrivenDTSystems................... 185
5.2.3 AsymptoticStabilityofLTISystems........... 187
5.3 GeneralResponseinModalCoordinates ............ 191
5.3.1 DrivenCTSystems .................... 191
5.3.2 DrivenDTSystems .................... 194
5.3.3 Siili T fo ti d
5.3.3 SimilarityTransformationsand Diagonalization ...................... 196
5.4 TransferFunctions,HiddenModes,Reachability, andObservability ......................... 202
5.4.1 Input-State-OutputStructureofCTSystems...... 202
5.4.2 Input-State-OutputStructureofDTSystems...... 210
5.5 FurtherReading .......................... 219
Problems .................................. 220
BasicProblems........................... 220
AdvancedProblems ........................ 228
ExtensionProblems ........................ 233
6 State Observers and State Feedback 236
6.1 PlantandModel .......................... 237
6.2 StateEstimationandObservers ................. 239
6.2.1 Real-TimeSimulation................... 239
6.2.2 TheStateObserver .................... 241
6.2.3 ObserverDesign...................... 243
6.3 StateFeedbackControl ...................... 252
6.3.1 Open-LoopControl.................... 252
6.3.2 Closed-LoopControlviaLTIStateFeedback ..... 253
6.3.3 LTIStateFeedbackDesign................ 254
6.4 Observer-BasedFeedbackControl................ 262
6.5 FurtherReading .......................... 267
Problems .................................. 267
BasicProblems........................... 267
AdvancedProblems ........................ 274
ExtensionProblems ........................ 277
7 Probabilistic Models 279
7.1 TheBasicProbabilityModel ................... 279
7.2 ConditionalProbability,Bayes’Rule,andIndependence ... 280
7.3 RandomVariables ......................... 283
7.4 ProbabilityDistributions ..................... 283
7.5 Jointly Distributed Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
7.6 Expectations, Moments, and Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
7.7 Correlation and Covariance for Bivariate Random Variables .............................. 290
7.8 A Vector-Space Interpretation of Correlation Properties . . . 294
7.9 FurtherReading .......................... 296
Problems .................................. 297
BasicProblems ........................... 297
AdvancedProblems ........................ 298
ExtensionProblems ........................ 302
8 Estimation 306
8.1 Estimation of a Continuous Random Variable . . . . . . . . . 307
8.2 FromEstimatestotheEstimator................. 312
8.2.1 Orthogonality ....................... 317
8.3 LinearMinimumMeanSquareErrorEstimation........ 318
8.3.1 LinearEstimationofOneRandomVariablefrom aSingleMeasurementofAnother............ 318
8.3.2 MultipleMeasurements.................. 323
8.4 FurtherReading .......................... 327
Problems .................................. 328
BasicProblems........................... 328
AdvancedProblems ........................ 332
ExtensionProblems ........................ 338
9 Hypothesis Testing 343
9.1 BinaryPulse-AmplitudeModulationinNoise ......... 343
9.2 HypothesisTestingwithMinimumErrorProbability...... 345
9.2.1 DecidingwithMinimumConditionalProbability ofError........................... 346
9.2.2 MAPDecisionRuleforMinimumOverallProbability ofError........................... 347
9.2.3 HypothesisTestinginCodedDigital Communication ...................... 350
9.3 BinaryHypothesisTesting..................... 353
9.3.1 FalseAlarm,Miss,andDetection ............ 354
9.3.2 TheLikelihoodRatioTest ................ 356
9.3.3 Neyman-PearsonDecisionRuleandReceiver OperatingCharacteristic ................. 357
9.4 MinimumRiskDecisions ..................... 361
9.5 FurtherReading .......................... 363
Problems .................................. 363
BasicProblems........................... 363
AdvancedProblems ........................ 368
ExtensionProblems ........................ 373
10 Random Processes 380
10.1 De.nitionandExamplesofaRandom Process . . . . . . . . . 380
10.2 First-andSecond-Moment CharacterizationofRandom Processes .............................. 385
10.3Stationarity. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 386
10.3.1 Strict-SenseStationarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
10.3.2Wide-SenseStationarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
10.3.3 SomePropertiesof WSS CorrelationandCovariance Functions.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 388
10.4Ergodicity .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 391
10.5 Linear EstimationofRandom Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
10.5.1LinearPrediction . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 392
10.5.2LinearFIRFiltering .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 394
10.6LTIFilteringofWSSProcesses .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 395
10.7FurtherReading..........................401
Problems..................................401
BasicProblems...........................401
AdvancedProblems........................406
ExtensionProblems ........................412
11 Power Spectral Density 421
11.1 SpectralDistributionofExpectedInstantaneous
Power ................................422
11.1.1PowerSpectralDensity.................. 422
11.1.2FluctuationSpectralDensity............... 426
11.1.3Cross-SpectralDensity..................431
11.2 ExpectedTime-AveragedPowerSpectrumandthe Einstein-Wiener-KhinchinTheorem............... 432
11.3Applications ............................437
11.3.1RevealingCyclicComponents.............. 437
11.3.2ModelingFilters......................439
11.3.3WhiteningFilters .....................443
11.3.4SamplingBandlimitedRandomProcesses ....... 444
11.4FurtherReading..........................444
Problems..................................445
BasicProblems...........................445
AdvancedProblems........................451
ExtensionProblems ........................455
12 Signal Estimation 464
12.1 LMMSEEstimationforRandomVariables........... 465
12.2FIRWienerFilters.........................467
12.3 TheUnconstrainedDTWienerFilter .............. 472
12.4CausalDTWienerFiltering....................480
12.5 OptimalObserversandKalmanFiltering............ 487
12.5.1 CausalWienerFilteringofaSignalCorrupted byAdditiveNoise.....................487
12.5.2ObserverImplementationoftheWienerFilter..... 489
12.5.3 OptimalStateEstimatesandKalmanFiltering..... 491
12.6EstimationofCTSignals .....................492
12.7FurtherReading..........................493
Problems..................................493
BasicProblems...........................493
AdvancedProblems........................504
ExtensionProblems........................510
13 Signal Detection 511
13.1 HypothesisTestingwithMultipleMeasurements........ 512
13.2 DetectingaKnownSignalinI.I.D.GaussianNoise ...... 514
13.2.1TheOptimalSolution...................515
13.2.2CharacterizingPerformance ............... 517
13.2.3MatchedFiltering.....................519
13.3ExtensionsofMatched-FilterDetection.............522
13.3.1Innite-Duration,Finite-nergySignals........522
13.3.2MaximizingSNRforSignalDetectioninWhiteNoise............................522
13.3.3DetectioninColoredNoise................525
13.3.4Continuous-TimeMatchedFilters............528
13.3.5MatchedFilteringandNyquistPulseDesign......529
13.3.6UnknownArrivalTimeandPulseCompression....530
13.4SignalDiscriminationinI.I.D.GaussianNoise.........532
13.5FurtherReading..........................538
Problems..................................538
BasicProblems...........................538
AdvancedProblems........................543
ExtensionProblems........................552
Bibliography555
Index561
第1章 信号与系统 1
1.1 信号、系统、模型及性质 1
1.2 线性时不变系统 5
1.2.1 LTI系统的冲激响应表示 5
1.2.2 LTI系统的特征函数和变换表示 6
1.2.3 傅里叶变换 10
1.3 确定性信号及其傅里叶变换 11
1.3.1 信号种类及其傅里叶变换 11
1.3.2 Parseval恒等式、能量谱密度以及确定性自相关 14
1.4 双边z变换和双边拉普拉斯变换 16
1.4.1 双边z变换 16
1.4.2 双边拉普拉斯变换 20
1.5 连续时间信号的离散时间处理 21
1.5.1 CT信号的DT处理过程的基本结构 22
1.5.2 DT滤波以及全局CT响应 24
1.5.3 非理想的D/C转换器 26
1.6 延伸阅读 28
习题 29
第2章 幅度、相位和群延迟 62
2.1 傅里叶变换的幅度和相位 62
2.2 群延迟和非线性相位的影响 66
2.2.1 窄带输入信号 66
2.2.2 宽带输入信号 68
2.3 全通系统与最小相位系统 73
2.3.1 全通系统 73
2.3.2 最小相位系统 75
2.4 谱因式分解 78
2.5 延伸阅读 80
习题 80
第3章 脉冲幅度调制 102
3.1 基带脉冲幅度调制 103
3.1.1 发送信号 103
3.1.2 接收信号 105
3.1.3 频域特性 105
3.1.4 接收机处的码间干扰 108
3.2 奈奎斯特脉冲 110
3.3 通带脉冲幅度调制 113
3.3.1 频移键控 114
3.3.2 相移键控 114
3.3.3 正交幅度调制 116
3.4 延伸阅读 118
习题 119
第4章 状态空间模型 133
4.1 系统记忆性 133
4.2 举例说明 134
4.3 状态空间模型 146
4.3.1 DT状态空间模型 146
4.3.2 CT状态空间模型 149
4.3.3 状态空间模型的典型性质 151
4.4 基于LTI输入输出模型的状态空间模型 153
4.5 非线性状态空间模型的平衡状态和线性化 158
4.5.1 平衡状态 158
4.5.2 线性化 161
4.6 延伸阅读 164
习题 165
第5章 LTI状态空间模型 174
5.1 连续时间和离散时间LTI模型 174
5.2 零输入响应和模态表示 177
5.2.1 未驱动的CT系统 177
5.2.2 未驱动的DT系统 185
5.2.3 LTI系统的渐进稳定性 187
5.3 模态坐标下的通用响应 191
5.3.1 被驱动的CT系统 191
5.3.2 被驱动的DT系统 194
5.3.3 相似变换和对角化 196
5.4 传递函数、隐藏模式、可达性和可观测性 202
5.4.1 CT系统的输入–状态–输出结构 202
5.4.2 DT系统的输入–状态–输出结构 210
5.5 延伸阅读 219
习题 220
第6章 状态观测器和状态反馈 236
6.1 设备和模型 237
6.2 状态估计和观测器 239
6.2.1 实时仿真 239
6.2.2 状态观测器 241
6.2.3 观测器设计 243
6.3 状态反馈控制 252
6.3.1 开环控制 252
6.3.2 经由LIT状态反馈的闭环控制 253
6.3.3 LTI状态反馈设计 254
6.4 基于观测器的反馈控制 262
6.5 延伸阅读 267
习题 267
第7章 概率模型 279
7.1 基本概率模型 279
7.2 条件概率、贝叶斯法则和事件的独立性 280
7.3 随机变量 283
7.4 概率分布 283
7.5 联合分布的随机变量 285
7.6 期望、矩和方差 287
7.7 二元随机变量的相关性和协方差 290
7.8 向量空间中的相关性质 294
7.9 延伸阅读 296
习题 297
第8章 估计算法 306
8.1 单个连续随机变量的估计 307
8.2 从估计到估计器 312
8.3 线性最小方均误差估计 318
8.3.1 从一个随机变量的单次量测中线性估计另一个随机变量 318
8.3.2 多重量测 323
8.4 延伸阅读 327
习题 328
第9章 假设检验 343
9.1 噪声中的二进制脉冲幅度调制 343
9.2 最小错误概率下的假设检验 345
9.2.1 最小错误条件概率的判决 346
9.2.2 最小化总体错误概率的MAP判决准则 347
9.2.3 编码数字通信中的假设检验 350
9.3 二元假设检验 353
9.3.1 虚警、漏警和检测 354
9.3.2 似然比检验 356
9.3.3 纽曼–皮尔逊判决准则和接收者操作特性 357
9.4 最小风险判决 361
9.5 延伸阅读 363
习题 363
第10章 随机过程 380
10.1 随机过程的定义和举例 380
10.2 随机过程的一阶矩和二阶矩特性 385
10.3 平稳性 386
10.3.1 严格平稳性 386
10.3.2 广义平稳性 386
10.3.3 WSS相关函数和协方差函数的性质 388
10.4 各态历经性 391
10.5 随机过程的线性估计 392
10.5.1 线性预测 392
10.5.2 线性FIR滤波 394
10.6 WSS过程的LTI滤波 395
10.7 延伸阅读 401
习题 401
第11章 功率谱密度 421
11.1 瞬时功率期望的频谱分布 422
11.1.1 功率谱密度 422
11.1.2 波动谱密度 426
11.1.3 互谱密度 431
11.2 时间平均的功率谱期望和爱因斯坦–维纳–辛钦理论 432
11.3 应用 437
11.3.1 揭示循环分量 437
11.3.2 模型滤波器 439
11.3.3 白化滤波器 443
11.3.4 带限随机过程的采样 444
11.4 延伸阅读 444
习题 445
第12章 信号估计 464
12.1 随机变量的LMMSE估计 465
12.2 FIR维纳滤波器 467
12.3 无约束的离散时间维纳滤波 472
12.4 离散时间的因果维纳滤波 480
12.5 最佳观测器和卡尔曼滤波 487
12.5.1 受加性噪声干扰的信号的因果维纳滤波 487
12.5.2 维纳滤波器的观测器实现 489
12.5.3 最佳状态估计和卡尔曼滤波 491
12.6 CT信号的估计 492
12.7 延伸阅读 493
习题 493
第13章 信号检测 511
13.1 基于多重量测的假设检验 512
13.2 独立同分布高斯噪声中已知信号的检测 514
13.2.1 最佳检测方案 515
13.2.2 性能描述 517
13.2.3 匹配滤波 519
13.3 匹配滤波器检测的推广 522
13.3.1 无限长度的有限能量信号 522
13.3.2 白噪声中信号检测的SNR最大化 522
13.3.3 有色噪声中的检测 525
13.3.4 CT匹配滤波器 528
13.3.5 匹配滤波和奈奎斯特脉冲设计 529
13.3.6 未知的到达时间和脉冲压缩 530
13.4 独立同分布高斯噪声中的信号识别 532
13.5 延伸阅读 538
习题 538
参考文献 555
索引 561